Plant Tissue Culture And Applications

Introduction

Many scientists have conducted many experiments related to plant tissue culture. In the year of 1902, the scientist named G. Haberlandt discovered the cell culture under the conditions of an in vitro process with the help of the nutrient medium. Between the years from 1902 to 1983, many scientists did their research related to tissue culture. G. Haberlandt, the person who started his discovery, he popularly known as the father of plant tissue culture. In the year of 1922, Robbins and Kotte were the scientists who conducted their research related to root culture and root culture in tobacco. Likewise, as far as in the year of 1983, Lazer, Lortze, and Izhar were the scientists who discovered cybrids and produced them by using the protoplast fusion technique.

Types of tissue culture

There are 8 major types of plant tissue culture. They are as follows

1. Single cell culture
2. root tip culture
3. leaf culture
4. embryo culture
5. protoplast culture
6. shoot tip culture
7. Ovary and ovule culture
8. endosperm culture

Also, plant tissue culture is differentiated into many types. The major and common process is mentioned below

• Meristem culture is one of the types of culture in which the cells are not identical, or meristematic cells are grown to generate disease-free plants
• Organic culture includes the cells of the plant, like roots, shoots, or different parts, taken and processed in a suitable environment
• callus culture– in this process, the cells that it undifferentiated grow to produce or generate the secondary metabolites, helpful in the regeneration of plants.

Plant tissue culture techniques

Here, some of the related plant tissue culture techniques which helpful to further process

• meistem culture– in this culture, it is differentiated into two major types. root and shoot meristem cultures.
• Organic culture– it is one type of culture technique that contains the roots and shoots culture developed from the plant.
• callus culture– one of the major techniques used, in which callus induction and callus maintenance are very key steps in this technique.
• Protoplast culture– isolation of protoplasts with the help of plant tissues, and fusion occurred between the two different species to produce a new hybrid, which was somatic.
• Embryo rescue is suitable for favourable conditions, the embryos are grown by having limited conditions, and are known as embryo rescue
• micropropagation– a technique mainly used present day, in which a new plant with all parts  generated by tissue culture

Steps in plant tissue culture

• Selection of a healthy plant was the first step, in which the plant contains the roots, shoots, and meristems that need to be healthy for further processing.
• After selecting an correct suitable plant to prevent diseases and contamination, the part of the plant needs to be sterilized under suitable conditions and temperature by using ethanol, etc.
• After the process of sterilization, the culture medium needs to be prepared as MS medium, which these medium provides the nutrition for the plant to grow and develop new parts.
• In the favorable and aseptic conditions, the prepared culture medium needs to be inoculated after the plant is sterilized before the step.

Inoculation and incubation

• After the process of inoculation, the culture medium needs to be incubated under favorable conditions like light, temperature, and place, for the growth of the medium
• The incubated cultural plants multiplied as micro propagation, in which from one medium many plants can able to generated by the process of multiplication
• To observe the changes that occurred in the newly generated plant, these can be kept outside under the conditions of suitable light and temperature.
• The produced planets, transferred into the soil with proper handling and sources, in which the plant to grow healthy

Applications of plant tissue culture

• Cyto protection is a process the cells and plant organs to function under favorable low conditions, where the temperature must be kept low away from the harmful aspects and high temperatures.
• Thawing is one of the methods used to avoid ice crystal formation during the process of cryogenic culture medium. During this process, the temperature needs to in between 37 to 45 °C, to avoid warm conditions.
• The electroporation method was used in ancient days by people to transfer the DNA into protoplasts. As technology develops, the DNA is transferred to callus and embryos, and gives the proper nutrition to plant cells.
• To develop the new transgenic plant, the biolostics method was used. A new hybrid was produced by transferring genes to the plant that are not similar to generate the transgenic plant.
• For the purpose of the screenable or reputable, the gus beta glucorodiase used carries the information related to the development that occurs in the plant
• At times, the cells need to transform for the regrowth of the plant as colonies. In this colony hybridization method is helpful for transferring and for the process of hybridization.
• BT-cotton is created by the addition of genes that produce more toxins to protect from the insects. The released toxins are very toxic and harmful, consisting most of disadvantages.
• Stress-tolerant plants can be observed in some areas. These are mainly divided into cold, heat, and drought plants.

Significance of tissue culture

Micropropagation is one of the major techniques used to regenerate new plants from one part of the plant. This technique, in which many people use to produce one type of plant into many large numbers of plants. Taking a single bud from the plant can synthesize many new plants within a short time, and the number is huge in number. The apical meristems are needed and useful for generations and a new production of the free virus plants. Due to the presence of a virus, many of the plants are affected. With the help of new techniques and applications of tissue culture, people were able to produce new hybrid plants. Many new hybrid plants are grown within a shorter time, and the product was comes out as fast as faster, and the product is utilized and brings profit.

Conclusion

At the end of this article, we have given understandable details about the interesting topic of plant tissues and culture. Plants are essential for living organisms for their survival on Earth. Many scientist conducted their inventions and discoveries related to the plant cells and tissues. Some of the very failed to produce the write information. Over many years of many discoveries, we get an idea of the basic concepts of plant tissue culture and its applications. To know more information and research the books are very essential, then we can get a proper basic knowledge on account of the topic related to plant cells and tissues.

FAQs

1. Who is the person considered the father of plant tissue culture?

G. Haberlandt is the father of plant tissue culture

2. What are the different types present in tissue culture?

1. Single cell culture
2. root tip culture
3. leaf culture
4. embryo culture
5. protoplast culture
6. shoot tip culture
7. Ovary and ovule culture
8. endosperm culture

3. What was the first step in tissue culture?

Choosing the nutrients and the proper plant is the initial step

4. What was the next process after the process of inoculation?

Incubating the culture medium after the process of inoculation  process